长背鳍波动推进游动研究

以依靠长背鳍推进的“尼罗河魔鬼”为研究对象,对弓鳍目模式推进进行了研究。在“尼罗河魔鬼”巡航游动试验的基础上,通过对鱼体几何形态和柔性长背鳍波动的运动学分析,建立了“尼罗河魔鬼”长背鳍波动推进的简化运动学模型,并利用大摆幅伸长体理论分析了长背鳍波动推进的水动力学特性。计算表明:“尼罗河魔鬼”在0．728～0．985身长／s的速度范围内,长背鳍波动推进的水动力学效率介于81．664％-86．420％之间,表明长背鳍波动推进游动是一种适应水中环境的高效游动模式。     

身体/尾鳍推进模式仿生机器鱼研究的进展与分析

随着海洋资源越来越受到国家重视,水下机器人已成为科研的热点。仿生机器鱼作为水下机器人,具有低噪声、对环境扰动小等特点。身体/尾鳍推进模式(Body and/or caudal fin,BCF)仿生机器鱼是指以身体/尾鳍推进模式推进的仿生机器鱼,它具有高速、高效、机动性高等优势,是近年来仿生机器鱼研制的重点。随着1994年首条仿生机器鱼的研制成功,许多优秀的相关研制成果已应用到水下考古、水质监测、污染检测等领域。基于此,介绍BCF鱼类的分类及特点、BCF生物鱼以及仿生鱼的推进机理,并着重介绍国内外BCF仿生样机的研制进展,对已有样机的驱动方式、机械结构和游动性能进行详细分析,揭示不同驱动方式所面临的技术问题,在此基础上总结BCF仿生机器鱼的发展趋势和应用前景。     

制冷剂流路对冷凝器换热特性的影响

对于复杂流路的肋片管换热器进行了换热性能实验，实验用冷凝器流路分别为1～4路，在实验条件下，2路的设计达到了最大的换热量。根据试验结果分析了产生换热性能差异的原因。     

铝板翅式换热器翅片表面性能的试验研究

目前,国内进行板翅式换热器设计时,直接采用日本神户钢铁公司的翅片表面性能曲线势必会导致板翅式换热器热力设计有较大的误差。为此,设计并搭建了一台翅式换热器翅片表面性能试验装置,对锯齿形、波纹形、百叶窗形3种常见的铝翅片表面进行了冷态和热态试验研究,测定翅片表面传热性能和摩阻损失曲线,得到了雷诺数Re与传热因子j、摩擦因子f的关系。试验结果表明,国产翅片的摩擦阻力与国外接近,甚至低于国外,而传热性能大约低10%;在Re>4000时,随着雷诺数的继续增大,国产翅片传热性能降低较快,这说明国产翅片的加工工艺、制造精度和材料冶金工艺等虽已接近国外先进水平,但还有待进一步改进。     

库水位骤降时平原水库均质土坝稳定分析

在均质土坝设计中,水位骤降通常是上游边坡稳定计算时需控制的工况。本文以天津某均质土坝为例,利用有限元对坝坡进行渗流分析,分析库水位骤降对渗流场的影响,研究库水位骤降时土坝坝坡的稳定情况。通过对不同库水下降速率的坝坡稳定分析,得到坝坡稳定系数随库水位骤降速率的变化规律。     

常州市运北主城区畅流活水方案设计与现场验证

为改善常州市运北主城区水环境,采用数学模型计算和现场试验验证相结合的方法,开展畅流活水水环境提升方案研究。依据常州市区域地形和水系情况,确定主城区引水水源、引排格局和引水水量,结合现状工程条件,提出“利用长江优质水源、打造两条清水通道、新建四座活动溢流堰、形成三级水位差”的畅流活水方案。基于Infoworks ICM构建常州市主城区水动力数学模型,模拟澡港河入口水位3.80~4.00 m多种方案下,运北主城区内部河道流量分配情况,确定最佳入城水位,并结合现场试验验证了活水效果。结果表明,常州市运北主城区畅流活水方案实施后大部分河道流量显著增加,流速达7 cm/s以上,多项水质指标达到Ⅲ类及以上水平。研究成果可为其他平原河网地区水环境提升提供借鉴。     

Estimating Land Use Impacts on Regional Scale Urban Water Balance and Groundwater Recharge

Anthropogenic activities have exerted increasingly large-scale influences on terrestrial ecological systems from the past century, primarily through agriculture; however, the impact of such changes on the hydrologic cycle is poorly understood. As one of the important land use (LU) in the coastal Dogo Plain of the Seto Inland Sea, Japan, paddy fields have been decreasing with the increase in urbanization in recent decades. As the main source of water in the Dogo Plain, groundwater plays an important role in providing people with fresh water and contributing to stream base flow. The purpose of this study is to analyze the water resource and evaluate the effect of LU change on groundwater table fluctuation in this coastal plain. Firstly, the observations of groundwater table and the investigation of water balance were carried out in this alluvial plain. Then, a distributed four-block three-layer water balance model was employed to analyze the groundwater table fluctuation with response to the change of paddy field area. Moreover, the role of paddy field in recharging groundwater in the basin has been clarified. Results show that groundwater table depends not only on rainfall and discharge from rivers, but also on irrigation water and topology of the study area. The net groundwater recharge was positive in irrigation periods whereas that in non-irrigation periods was nearly equal to zero or negative. The results of this study would be helpful to the urban development policy and land use planning decision.     

海堤外滩地种树效果及对行洪影响

本文在野外调查的基础上，以新会和斗门两地堤外滩地种植适生防浪树为例，介绍了珠江三角洲河口区堤外滩地种植适生防浪树的实践与经验，及其固滩固岸，防浪护堤的作用和效果。对三角洲不同水文区的河道滩槽宽度比进行统计分析，据不同水文区受灾的主要矛盾，指出滩地种树的利和弊及其对行洪的影响。     

防蒸发浮板覆盖平原水库节水效率研究

内陆干旱区降水稀少,蒸发强烈,为了减少内陆干旱区平原水库的无效蒸发,提高水库的利用率,缓解水资源紧张,进行了塑料空心板覆盖水库水面的试验。通过隔断水面与外界环境的接触,从而抑制水面蒸发。塑料空心板的湿润面积由3部分组成风浪打湿的面积、板与板之间碰撞挤出的水形成的湿润面积、板与坝坡碰撞挤出的水形成的湿润面积。应用统计学原理,依据现场试验的实测数据,计算在不同气象条件下浮板的湿润面积,统计一个完整的非冰冻期资料;得出不同风速出现的概率及防蒸发系数,计算防蒸发量;对比分析不同面积下防蒸发浮板覆盖水库水面的节水效率。结果表明现场3个方案试验的节水效率分别为55.38%,65.97%,80.10%,浮板面积越大节水效率越高,板的节水效果和试验布置方式有关,将浮板布置在围栏之内,最大可提高节水效率1.45%;将浮板做成整体时节水效率提高较为明显,最大可提高17.68%。     

Heat transfer and flow characteristics of flow boiling of CO2‐oil mixtures in horizontal smooth and micro‐fin tubes

Experiments were carried out on the flow pattern, heat transfer, and pressure drop of flow boiling of pure CO₂ and CO₂‐oil mixtures in horizontal smooth and micro‐fin tubes. The smooth tube is a stainless steel tube with an inner diameter of 3.76 mm. The micro‐fin tube is a copper tube with a mean inner diameter of 3.75 mm. The experiments were carried out at mass velocities from 100 to 500 kg/(m²·s), saturation temperature of 10 °C, and the circulation ratio of lubricating oil (PAG) was from 0 to 1.0 mass%. Flow pattern observations mainly showed slug and wavy flow for the smooth tube, but annular flow for the micro‐fin tube. Compared with the flow patterns in the case of pure CO₂, an increase in frequency of slug occurrence in the slug flow region, and a decrease in the quantity of liquid at the top of the tube in the annular flow region were observed in the case of CO₂‐oil mixtures. With pure CO₂, the flow boiling heat transfer was dominated by nucleate boiling in the low vapor quality region, and the heat transfer coefficients for the micro‐fin tube were higher than those of the smooth tube. With CO₂‐oil mixtures, the flow boiling heat transfer was dominated by convective evaporation, especially in the high vapor quality region. In addition, the heat transfer coefficient decreased significantly when the oil circulation ratio was larger than 0.1 mass%. For the pressure drop characteristics, in the case of pure CO₂, the homogeneous flow model agreed with the experimental results within ±30% for the smooth tube. The pressure drops of the micro‐fin tube were 0–70% higher than those predicted with the homogeneous flow model, and the pressure drops increased for the high oil circulation ratio and high vapor quality conditions. The increases in the pressure drops were considered to be due to the increase in the thickness of the oil film and the decrease in the effective flow cross‐sectional area. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/htj.20287